@article{88461,
  keywords = {Animals, Humans, Gene Expression Profiling, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Mice, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Female, Neoplasm Proteins, Chromatin, Breast Neoplasms, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Immediate-Early Proteins, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Precipitin Tests, Mice, Nude, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Bone Neoplasms, Osteolysis, Interleukin-11, Connective Tissue Growth Factor, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins, Mitogens},
  author = {Yibin Kang and Peter Siegel and Weiping Shu and Maria Drobnjak and Sanna Kakonen and Carlos Cord{\'o}n-Cardo and Theresa Guise and Joan Massagu{\'e}},
  title = {A multigenic program mediating breast cancer metastasis to bone.},
  abstract = {<p>We investigated the molecular basis for osteolytic bone metastasis by selecting human breast cancer cell line subpopulations with elevated metastatic activity and functionally validating genes that are overexpressed in these cells. These genes act cooperatively to cause osteolytic metastasis, and most of them encode secreted and cell surface proteins. Two of these genes, interleukin-11 and CTGF, encode osteolytic and angiogenic factors whose expression is further increased by the prometastatic cytokine TGF beta. Overexpression of this bone metastasis gene set is superimposed on a poor-prognosis gene expression signature already present in the parental breast cancer population, suggesting that metastasis requires a set of functions beyond those underlying the emergence of the primary tumor.</p>
},
  year = {2003},
  journal = {Cancer Cell},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {537-49},
  month = {06/2003},
  issn = {1535-6108},
  language = {eng},
}